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Iowa’s stunning fall color show will be wrapping up soon

By Matt Kelley (Radio Iowa)

Most Iowans notice that some trees keep their dead, brown leaves on the branches all winter long, but it’s a safe bet few of us have heard the botanical term for it — marcescence.

Chip Murrow, an urban forestry program specialist with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, says there are several species of trees where the petiole, or the stalk that connects the leaf to the branch, will hang on for months longer than all of the other trees.

“Part of the process of fall coloring is, the leaf will deteriorate, the petiole where it meets the stem of the branch, it falls off and that’s where you get the leaf scars that we talk about in forestry,” Murrow says. “Well some, like on some of the oaks that keep their leaves through the winter, that doesn’t sear off completely and it allows that leaf to stay on there so that the petiole covers the bud and protects it through the winter.”

Just like trees take cues from the environment around them to start the fall color show, the trees will also know in the spring when it’s time to — finally — dump those dead leaves.

Murrow says, “It’s something that the tree realizes, ‘Okay, it’s time for spring to start,’ and so it’ll drop the leaves so the buds can then elongate and form the new leaves and branches on the trees.”

Most of October has been unseasonably warm, which is helping to make for a longer autumn color show in Iowa that usual. He says leaf lovers should still be able to find plenty of Instagram-worthy locations for several days yet.

“One place was stating that last week was the color show weekend, but there’s still a couple places where, as I look around, I still see a little bit of green hanging on,” Murrow says, “so I think you still might get a little bit more toward the end of this week, into the weekend.”

On a recent visit to Walnut Woods State Park in West Des Moines, Murrow says it looked like winter without the snow as the majority of the walnut trees had already lost their leaves. It’s been an unusual fall, he says, as this warm October was preceded by one of the wettest Septembers on record.

“This is really the weather that we wanted to have in September to get that real good fall color, where you have the warmer days in that 70s range, but then the nights cool down,” Murrow says, “that’s what’s ideal to help with good coloration because that sunlight during the day helps the chlorophyll break down and then the cool nights.”

If you’re hoping to see the beautiful reds, yellows and golds of autumn for Halloween weekend, your best bet is to head south, as many trees across Iowa’s northern half are already bare, or they’re farther along in the process.

Trick-or-Treat Events Happening Today and Tomorrow; Public Safety Reminders Issued by Officials

Halloween is coming up tomorrow, which means there are plenty of trick-or-treating events happening in our area this weekend.

The city of Oskaloosa’s city-wide trick-or-treat is scheduled for this evening (10/30), from 6-8 PM. 

The city of Harvey will host their Trick-or-Treat Beggars’ Night this evening from 5-7:30 PM.

Several cities will be hosting their city-wide trick-or-treats, or Beggars’ Nights, tomorrow night from 6-8 PM, including Pella, Knoxville, Ottumwa, Eddyville, Sigourney, Albia, and Monroe.

The city of Sully will host their city-wide trick-or-treat tomorrow from 5-8 PM.

Public safety officials have reminded parents in the area to make sure they have a plan in place to ensure the safety of their children while trick-or-treating. Some tips and reminders include:

  • Avoid trick-or-treating alone. Have your child walk with a group or trusted adult.
  • Know your child’s route.
  • Carry glow sticks or flashlights, and use reflective tape or stickers on costumes and bags.
  • Encourage children to walk, not run, from house to house.
  • Parents should consider non-toxic face paint or makeup as an alternative to masks, which can limit or block eyesight.
  • Children should always walk on sidewalks when available; if there is not a sidewalk, children should walk on the left side of the road, facing traffic. Always obey all traffic/pedestrian rules and cross at crosswalks.
  • Homeowners should take extra effort to eliminate tripping hazards on their porch and walkway.
  • Motorists are asked to drive slowly and watch closely for children if they need to drive through city streets.
  • Children and homeowners who are feeling ill are asked to not participate.

Pella Regional Health Center and Knoxville Hospital & Clinics Celebrate Successful Completion of $14.3 Million Bridging the Gap Capital Campaign

PELLA — Pella Regional Health Center and Knoxville Hospital & Clinics are proud to announce the successful completion of the Bridging the Gap Capital Campaign, celebrating the generosity of businesses, organizations, community members, and hospital employees who helped the campaign reach its $14.3 million goal.

Launched in August 2025, the campaign was created to help fund the Pella Knoxville Cancer Center and support the partnership between Pella Regional Health Center and Knoxville Hospital & Clinics to bring radiation therapy closer to home for patients across the region.

Fundraising efforts for the Bridging the Gap Capital Campaign were led by the hospital foundations of Pella Regional Health Center and Knoxville Hospital & Clinics, with the support of a capital campaign committee comprised of community leaders from across Marion County: Barb Braafhart, Charlie Daugherty, Corwin Fee, Mary Glendening, Michelle Greene, Mary Hanna, Dave Johnson, Paul Jones, David Kacmarynski, Lezlie Morris, Mike Montgomery, Maureen Nichols, Stan Poortinga, Dave Sutphen, Mark Van Roekel, and Charlie Zylstra.

The collaboration between Pella Regional Health Center and Knoxville Hospital & Clinics represents the first time two hospitals in Iowa have partnered to provide radiation therapy services, addressing a long-standing need for patients throughout the region.

“This campaign is a powerful example of what can happen when a region comes together around a shared commitment to bring the vision of enhanced cancer care close to home to life,” said Bob Kroese, Pella Regional Health Center CEO. “Every gift – regardless of size – played a role in helping us reach this milestone. We are incredibly grateful to everyone who believed in this project. Their investment further strengthens our shared commitment to bringing innovative radiation treatment options closer to home.”

Support for the campaign came from individuals and families, local businesses, foundations, community organizations, and employees of Pella Regional Health Center and Knoxville Hospital & Clinics. Gifts ranged from individual donations to major leadership gifts, reflecting broad community support for ensuring high-quality cancer care is available close to home.

Funds raised through the campaign will fully fund the construction and equipment for the Pella Knoxville Cancer Center, which is expected to open in early 2027.

The state-of-the-art, 7,800-square-foot radiation center will house advanced diagnostic and treatment technology, including:

  • A linear accelerator to deliver highly precise radiation treatments.
  • A PET/CT scanner that plays a critical role in diagnosing cancer, staging disease and helping determine the most effective course of treatment.

While reaching the $14.3 million fundraising goal marks the conclusion of the capital campaign, individuals can still make donations to either hospital foundation that will be utilized to support cancer care in Pella and Knoxville. Leaders say the impact of the campaign will be felt by patients, families, and communities for many years to come.

“The addition of the Pella Knoxville Cancer Center is a monumental step forward for patients and their families facing cancer diagnoses in central and southern Iowa,” said Kevin Kincaid, Knoxville Hospital & Clinics CEO. “Reaching our goal is about much more than a number. This project demonstrates what is possible when two health systems, communities, and philanthropy work together to make much-needed cancer care closer to home a reality for patients and their families. I am extremely proud of everyone’s hard work and success.”

A US cruise ship suspends a global voyage in Asia due to fuel costs, stranding 200 passengers

SIHANOUKVILLE, Cambodia (AP) — A U.S. cruise ship on an around-the-world voyage that touted its cabins as floating homes suspended its three-year journey in Cambodia due to fuel costs, forcing hundreds of passengers to disembark.

The MV Odyssey set sail two years ago on a voyage to the seven continents marketed as combining long-term living at sea with global travel. Its operator had offered to “make the Odyssey your permanent home,” with the purchase price of a suite for the lifetime of the vessel starting around $230,000.

For now, it is docked at the Cambodian port of Sihanoukville on the Gulf of Thailand, with no certain departure date.

The ship has been carrying 203 passengers, mostly Americans, along with 156 crew members, according to Cambodian officials. It has a 650-passenger capacity.

Its Florida-based operator, Villa Vie Residences, said monthly fuel expenses per cabin that historically averaged $1,800 have reached an estimated $6,000 to $8,000 in parts of Asia due to the war in Iran. The company said it sought to reduce fuel consumption by slowing the itinerary and spending more time in port, but was unable to offset the surging costs.

Traffic has been curtailed in the Strait of Hormuz since the war in Iran began, squeezing supplies of all kinds of petroleum-based fuels, especially in Southeast Asia, and sharply increasing prices.

“We have been unable to continue carrying the resulting operating losses,” Villa Vie Residences said in a statement issued Tuesday. “Passing the full increase on to residents is not a realistic solution. Our focus now is on supporting residents, crew, and employees” while it tries to restructure.

“The company is working with residents to coordinate disembarkation and identify temporary living arrangements,” it said.

Those on the ship had hoped to sail for years to come

Passengers, however, said they received no support and had to make their own arrangements after being given seven hours notice on Tuesday to disembark. Some were devastated and expressed hope a new company could rescue the venture so life at sea can continue.

Paul and Lynn Montoya, a retired couple from Wyoming, said they bought a window cabin and had expected to sail for years. They boarded the ship 17 months ago in Panama.

Paul praised the concept of residential cruising but said the shipowner lacked the expertise to make the business financially sustainable. While rising fuel costs had been cited publicly as the reason for the suspension, he said the company had already been struggling. Changes to itinerary, unreliable internet access and declining food quality had pushed many residents to leave the ship in recent months, he said.

Lynn said residents were repeatedly asked to contribute additional money for fuel and other expenses, including a fresh call to raise funds for fuel to get out of Cambodia. She said the crew members were also not paid.

“We were tired of every two to four weeks being asked for money for fuel, money for everything,” she said. “We had hopes but they just kept sinking further and further into the hole through mismanagement.”

The company could not immediately be contacted for comment.

For some, the venture was a risk worth taking

Yet for some, even the financial and logistical turmoil couldn’t outweigh the extraordinary experience of traveling the world and living at sea.

Carol Larson, 69, and her sister Crystal Lavering, 72, occupied separate cabins aboard the ship for 18 months. The siblings, from California, described the suspension as heartbreaking, and hoped the cruise would be resuscitated.

“I hope there is a movement for the residents to buy the ship and I am hoping that goes through because it’s a dream to live on the ship and I don’t want it to end,” Larson said.

Lavering said her health improved during her time on the ship, and that she didn’t need to use a cane to walk anymore. “You come to this ship to live … it’s just sad that it’s all over.”

Larson bought her cabin for $120,000, paid in installments, in addition to monthly maintenance fees, under a plan that had promised the possibility of living aboard for up to 15 years. She said she blamed U.S. President Donald Trump for the ship’s woes as fuel costs spiked due to the Iran war, in addition to poor management. But she said she didn’t regret her investment.

“Because it was a startup company, I believe that it was a risk. From the very first day, I said to myself that if it lasts a year, I can walk away and feel like I got my money’s worth … I still feel that way. I feel blessed to have been part of the experiment of residential cruising,” she said.

The cruise began in Northern Ireland in 2024

The ship arrived in Sihanoukville last Friday and was scheduled to depart Wednesday, according to a statement from Long Dimanche, the deputy governor of Preah Sihanouk province. He said it was now expected to refuel and depart Cambodia on Saturday, but the ship’s operator has not yet publicly confirmed any date.

Built in 1993 and operated under different names by several cruise lines over the years before being becalmed by the coronavirus pandemic in 2020, the Odyssey was bought by Villa Vie Residences in 2023.

Its current cruise, originally intended to last 3 1/2 years, began in October 2024 in Belfast, Northern Ireland, where the ship had been refitted. A second cruise had been tentatively scheduled to end in August 2030.

The Odyssey is not the first cruise ship Sihanoukville has hosted in crisis.

In February 2020, the MS Westerdam was allowed to dock in Cambodia after being turned away at five ports in other nations because of fears of COVID-19, which just a month earlier had started to spread from China. It carried 1,455 passengers, more than 600 of them American citizens.

After being stranded at sea for two weeks, Cambodia’s then-Prime Minister Hun Sen allowed it to dock for what he said were humanitarian reasons. Cambodia won plaudits as passengers were welcomed ashore and arrangements were made for them to fly home.

Weekly Fuel Report

DES MOINES — The price of regular unleaded gasoline rose one cent from last week’s price and is currently averaging $4.14 across Iowa according to AAA.

Crude Oil Summary

  • The price of global crude oil rose this week on the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) by $4.62 per barrel, and is currently priced at $102.42.
  • Brent crude oil rose by $6.40 and is currently priced at $115.64.
  • One year ago, WTI crude sold for $60.97 and Brent crude was $64.03.

Motor Fuels

  • As of Wednesday, the price of regular unleaded gasoline averaged $4.14 across Iowa according to AAA.
    • Prices rose one cent from last week’s price and are up $1.33 from a year ago.
    • The national average on Wednesday was $4.25, down one cent from last week’s price.
  • Retail diesel prices in Iowa fell three cents this week with a statewide average of $6.14.
    • One year ago, diesel prices averaged $3.54 in Iowa.
    • The current Iowa diesel price is 21 cents lower than the national average of $6.35.
  • The current Des Moines Terminal/Rack Prices are $2.96 for U87-E10, $3.47 for Unleaded 87 (clear), $4.92 for ULSD#2, $5.23 for ULSD#1, $2.81 for E15, and $2.45 per gallon for E-70 prices.

Heating Fuels

  • Natural gas prices were up 22 cents at the Henry Hub reporting site and are currently priced at $3.05 MMbtu.
  • Propane prices averaged $1.74 per gallon in Iowa. Last year the price averaged $1.52 per gallon for propane.
  • Home heating oil prices had a statewide average of $5.74 per gallon. The price for heating oil last year averaged $2.96 per gallon.

Tips for saving energy on the road or at home are available at energy.gov and fueleconomy.gov.

Pella CSD Announces Two New Hires

PELLA — The Pella Community School District announced two new hirings yesterday.

The district welcomed Dr. Lindsy Brandt as its new Director of Teaching and Learning, as well as Julie Miller as its new Nutrition Director.

Lindsy, a long-time Math Teacher and Instructional Coach at Pella Middle School, has accepted the role as the leader of Pella CSD curriculum beginning with the 2027-2028 school year. This is pending board approval.

Lindsy has her PhD in Educational Leadership from Drake University. Her previous experience includes teaching math at Bettendorf High School, as well as Statistics and Calculus courses at Upper Iowa University and Upward Bound at Central College.

Lindsy joined the Pella Middle School in 2012 to teach Middle School math and has served in the role of Instructional Coach at the Middle School for the past 10 years.

Lindsy is married to Josiah Brandt, long-time Pella High School Spanish Teacher and Head Boys Tennis Coach. Together they have four children enrolled in the district, Matthias- 3rd grade, Bekah- 2nd grade, Ethan- kindergarten, and Elsie pre-school.

With extensive experience in school food service, Julie brings valuable knowledge and expertise that will support the district’s commitment to providing nutritious, high-quality meals and excellent service to students.

With 15 years of previous school Nutrition Director experience, Julie has a strong understanding of nutrition rules and regulations, along with the operational skills needed to manage budgets, lead staff, and oversee an effective program. Her experience will be an asset to the district as it continues to provide meals that support student health, well-being, and success in the classroom.

Julie and her husband, Jim, live outside of Oskaloosa, and have 3 children, a daughter-in-law, a son-in-law, and one granddaughter.

Ottumwa Man Accused of Stealing Lottery Tickets

OTTUMWA – An Ottumwa man faces multiple felony charges after being accused of stealing dozens of lottery tickets from the gas station that employed him.

According to court documents, the theft occurred on July 2nd at the Yesway gas station located on West 2nd Street in Ottumwa. 54-year-old Jeffery Penca was allegedly caught on video surveillance footage stealing a total of 66 lottery tickets from the gas station. Authorities say Penca scanned the tickets into the cash register, but did not pay for them, and that he kept the winning tickets. The cumulative value of the stolen tickets was reportedly $1,900.

Penca was taken into custody on Tuesday, October 27 and charged with a total of three felonies, including Ongoing Criminal Conduct – Unlawful Activity (Class B felony), Lottery – Forgery or Theft of Ticket (Class D felony), and 2nd Degree Theft (Class D felony). He remains lodged in the Wapello County Jail on a $35,000 bond.

Community Partnerships Make New Fishing Dock Possible at Russell Wildlife Area

OSKALOOSA — A new fishing dock at Pond 1 in Russell Wildlife Area is now available for the public to enjoy, thanks to the hard work of a local Eagle Scout and the generous support of community partners. 

The Mahaska County Conservation Board (MCCB) is excited to recognize Matthew Phillips, who took on the construction of the new fishing dock as part of his Eagle Scout project. Through his dedication, leadership, and commitment to community service, Matthew has created a lasting improvement that will benefit anglers, families, and visitors to Russell Wildlife Area for years to come. 

The project was made possible through the generous financial contributions of Cargill Cares, along with the support and collaboration of the Friends of Mahaska County Conservation and the local Boy Scout community. 

“This project is a perfect example of what can happen when community partners come together with a shared vision,” said Chris Clingan, Executive Director of the Mahaska County Conservation Board. “Cargill Cares provided the financial support that helped make this project possible, the Friends of Mahaska County Conservation helped bring those resources together, and Matthew stepped up with the leadership and determination to turn an idea into something the public can enjoy. It’s partnerships like these that make a tremendous difference in what we can accomplish for our parks and the people who use them.” 

Beyond providing an additional fishing opportunity, the project demonstrates the important role that community organizations, local businesses, and young leaders play in improving public recreation areas. Projects like this not only enhance the outdoor experience but also provide opportunities for young people to develop leadership skills, take ownership in their communities, and contribute to something that will have a lasting impact. 

“One of the things I appreciate most about projects like this is that everyone involved brings something valuable to the table,” Clingan added. “When businesses like Cargill invest in their communities, organizations like our Friends group help support those efforts, and young people like Matthew are willing to put in the work, the results speak for themselves. These are improvements that directly benefit the citizens and visitors of Mahaska County, and they demonstrate just how valuable strong community partnerships really are.” 

The Mahaska County Conservation Board manages nearly 1,800 acres of parks, wildlife areas, and natural resources throughout the county. Community partnerships, private contributions, volunteer efforts, and local organizations play an important role in helping the department expand recreational opportunities and make improvements that might otherwise not be possible. 

The Conservation Board extends its sincere appreciation to Cargill Cares, the Friends of Mahaska County Conservation, Matthew Phillips, and the local Boy Scout community for their contributions to this project. 

Residents and visitors are encouraged to visit Russell Wildlife Area, explore the improvements at Pond 1, and enjoy the many outdoor recreational opportunities available throughout Mahaska County. 

“At the end of the day, conservation is about more than protecting our natural resources. It’s also about connecting people to the outdoors and creating places where families can make memories for generations,” Clingan said. “This project accomplishes exactly that, and we couldn’t be more appreciative of everyone who helped make it happen.”

Federal Reserve likely to skip rate hike despite elevated inflation

WASHINGTON (AP) — The Federal Reserve is expected to stand pat on interest rates Wednesday even though inflation has accelerated in the past couple of months as the Iran war has caused spikes in oil and gas prices.

The Fed’s latest policy meeting concludes less than a week before the midterm elections, which have focused heavily on concerns about the cost of living and affordability. Consumers have generally soured on an economy weighed down by more expensive gas, groceries, and clothing, among other items.

The Fed, led by Chairman Kevin Warsh, wants to return inflation to its 2% target, which it typically does by raising its short-term interest rate. Higher borrowing costs, over time, can cool spending and slow inflation. The Fed raised its key rate last month for the first time in three years, from about 3.6% to 3.9%, in what many investors and economists perceived was a first step toward a renewed effort to bring down inflation.

Yet Warsh faces a host of challenges in achieving that goal. President Donald Trump slammed the Fed for raising its key rate last month, though he largely blamed the central bank’s rate-setting committee, rather than Warsh, whom he appointed. And some of the forces driving inflation — specifically the rapid buildout of artificial intelligence infrastructure and higher energy prices — won’t easily be tamed by higher interest rates.

At the same time, other parts of the economy are already being hit by higher rates, which were lifted by market forces, even before the Fed hiked last month. The average 30-year mortgage rate reached a three-year high of 7.4% earlier this month, though it has since slipped a bit. Higher mortgage rates have made buying a home unaffordable for 5 million more Americans since the beginning of the year, according to Oxford Economics, a consulting firm. Over time, Fed rate hikes can make mortgages, auto loans, and credit card borrowing more expensive, adding to Americans’ sense that things like homes and cars are getting pricier.

After the Fed announces its rate decision, Warsh will speak at a news conference, where his remarks will be closely watched for hints about the Fed’s next steps. He will likely repeat the Fed’s desire for a “timelier” return of inflation to the 2% target. Some may view that as a sign the Fed will boost its key rate at its next meeting, in December, a move already widely expected by Wall Street investors.

If the Fed keeps rates on hold, Warsh will be pushed to explain why the central bank hiked in September but not this month. Inflation picked up in September, when consumer prices rose 3.7% compared with a year earlier. The increase was much bigger than the 2.4% rate in February, just before the Iran war.

And on a monthly basis, the consumer price index — the most widely-followed inflation gauge — rose 0.3% in both August and September. At that pace over a full year, inflation would rise much more quickly than the Fed’s 2% target.

On Thursday, a separate inflation measure more closely followed by the Fed, the personal consumption expenditures price index, is forecast to have jumped 3.6% in September from a year earlier, up from 3.4% in August. Core prices, which exclude the food and energy categories, are forecast to have risen 3.1%, up from 3% the previous month.

Aditya Bhave, head of U.S. economics at Bank of America, said economists and the Fed have gotten too complacent about above-target inflation. Higher oil and gas prices will likely keep inflation elevated for several more months, he said, and rising diesel costs will elevate shipping prices for nearly every type of good, which could spread inflation more broadly through the economy.

“Unless the Fed takes this problem more seriously and stops essentially making excuses about inflation, I think we’re not going to get back to 2% until the next recession,” Bhave said.

Warsh will likely seek to keep the Wednesday press conference relatively short. It was about 30 minutes last month. Warsh’s predecessor, Jerome Powell, often held news conferences for about 45 minutes.

The Fed’s policy meeting is part of a busy week for central banks around the world. The Bank of Canada will also meet Wednesday and is forecast to lift its key rate a quarter point, to 2.5%. Policymakers at the European Central Bank and the Bank of Japan are both scheduled to meet Thursday and are expected to keep their key rates unchanged.

For Warsh and the Fed, another key consideration is that the U.S. economy is growing at a healthy pace and unemployment remains low, at 4.2%, even if hiring is also sluggish. The government will report Thursday on growth for the July-September quarter, which is expected to reach 3%, according to a forecast by data provider FactSet. That would be up from 2.2% in the April-June quarter.

Many economists argue that solid growth is evidence that interest rates aren’t particularly high and the economy could withstand higher rates to combat inflation.

Final report from Iowa Medicaid Fraud Task Force discussed

By O. Kay Henderson (Radio Iowa)

A task force appointed by the governor is recommending a more than 60% increase in the number of state employees who investigate Medicaid fraud allegations. The group also recommends using better technology, including artificial intelligence, to detect fraud patterns in the bills health care providers submit for Medicaid reimbursement.

Iowa Attorney General Brenna Bird was the task force chair. “This is not the finish line. This is the starting line,” Bird said. “Our message today is unmistakable. Iowa has zero tolerance for anybody who would steal from the taxpayers or exploit vulnerable people who are on Medicaid.”

Governor Reynolds issued an executive order in July, directing the task force to come up with a list of ideas by the end of October. The group said services like in-home care visits should be electronically verified. Iowa Solicitor General Eric Wesson helped write the report, which will be submitted to the governor before it is released to the public. “Fraud today hides in data,” he said, “so that is where our fraud fighters must look to find it.”

Bird said Medicaid fraud should become a felony, just like private insurance fraud, and payments to health care providers that are credibly accused of fraud should be immediately suspended during an investigation. “Iowa’s fraud unit already brings more criminal cases per employee than any other unit in the country, but it has just nine people policing an $8.7 billion program,” Bird said, “so our recommendation is to grow that to 24 (employees), with dedicated prosecutors, investigators, data anlysts and a nurse investigator.”

Critics say these proposals could and should have been implemented years ago. Kevin Techau led the state agency that investigated Medicaid fraud from 1999 to 2003, when Democrat Tom Vilsack was governor. “The Medicaid Fraud Unit could have accepted more federal dollars 10 years ago…and Kim Reynolds said, ‘No, we’re not interested,’” Techau said after the task force adjourned.

The federal government pays 75% of the salaries for the state employees who investigate Medicaid fraud allegations. And Techau faulted Governor Reynolds for putting a representative of the managed care industry on the task force and for not including the state auditor’s office, which is led by Rod Sand, the Democratic candidate for governor. “That’s a big tell that this was all political theater and was not a real effort to try to get to the bottom line of Medicaid fraud,” Techau said.

Some of the task force recommendations can be implemented before Governor Reynolds leaves office, but other ideas like hiring more state employees and increasing the penalty for Medicaid fraud must be approved by the Iowa legislature and Iowa’s next governor in 2027.

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